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Public Administration Review Volume 80, Issue 6, November/December 2020 1. Title: A Systematic Review of Field Experiments in Public Administration Authors: Jesper Asring Hansen; Lars Tummers. Abstract: Field experiments have become popular in public administration. By allowing for the identification of causal effects in realistic settings, field experiments may become central in several research agendas of relevance to the field. Conducting field experiments is difficult and problems often occur along the way. However, researchers new to the method have few resources in public administration to consider the problems that arise when conducting field experiments. This systematic review identifies 42 field experiments in public administration and serves as an introduction to field experiments in public administration. The article discusses how field experiments developed over time and highlights trends in field experimentation in public administration. It then discusses issues to consider when designing field experiments. Among these are costs, practicality, ethics, and validity. Finally, the authors suggest a future research agenda for public administration field experiments. 2. Title: Performance Management Meets Red Tape: Bounded Rationality, Negativity Bias, and Resource Dependence Authors: Sounman Hong Abstract: Governments around the world have implemented reforms to reduce red tape, but little evidence exists about whether they have achieved their goals. Utilizing a quasi experimental regression discontinuity design, this research examines the impact of a policy implemented by the Korean central government to reduce local levels of regulatory red tape. The findings show, first, that the centrally designed reform significantly reduced local levels of red tape, but the reduction occurred only among low performing localities. This supports the claim that organizations responses to positive and negative performance information are asymmetric the negativity bias hypothesis. This finding is explained by the bounded rationality view of organizational decision making. Second, the impact was clearest among localities with high fiscal dependence on the central government. This supports the resource dependence hypothesis, which postulates that a policy's impact depends on the power imbalance between localities and the central government. 3. Title: Smart Technology and the Emergence of Algorithmic Bureaucracy: Artificial Intelligence in UK Local Authorities Authors: Thomas M. Vogl; Cathrine Seidelin; Bharath Ganesh; Jonathan Bright. Abstract: In recent years, local authorities in the UK have begun to adopt a variety of “smart” technological changes to enhance service delivery. These changes are having profound impacts on the structure of public administration. Focusing on the particular case of artificial intelligence, specifically autonomous agents and predictive analytics, a combination of desk research, a survey questionnaire, and interviews were used to better understand the extent and nature of these changes in local government. Findings suggest that local authorities are beginning to adopt smart technologies and that these technologies are having an unanticipated impact on how public administrators and computational algorithms become imbricated in the delivery of public services. This imbrication is described as algorithmic bureaucracy, and it provides a framework within which to explore how these technologies transform both the socio technical relationship between workers and their tools, as well as the ways that work is organized in the public sector. 4. Title: Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Impacts of Technology Enabled Coproduction on Equity in Public Service Delivery Authors: Corey Kewei Xu; Tian Tang. Abstract: This article investigates how 311 systems affect distributional equity in public service delivery. Many local governments in the United States have adopted interactive 311 platforms to engage citizens in coproduction. Using a novel household level data set on 311 service requests and power service restoration in the City of Tallahassee, Florida, after Hurricane Michael in 2018, the authors examine possible disparities between racial minority groups and nonminorities in making power service restoration requests via 311. The article further analyzes how coproduction participation through 311 affects distributional equity in power restoration. The findings show that minority groups are more likely to utilize these smart technologies to submit requests for essential services after disasters, as they may have greater needs but less political capital to reach out to the government. Their utilization of e governance technologies has helped them gain more attention from the government, which narrows the equity gap in service delivery. 5. Title: The Adoption of Robotics by Government Agencies: Evidence from Crime Labs Authors: Andrew B. Whitford; Jeff Yates; Adam Burchfield; Jason L. Anastasopoulos; Derrick M. Anderson. Abstract: Two decades of research have helped show that government agencies can be innovative under certain conditions. We test hypotheses about the adoption and use of robotics as a key emerging leading edge technology as advanced economies undergo the latest technological revolution. We focus on the case of U.S. crime laboratories as a core component of the  evidence assembly process in the U.S. justice system. Using data from the census of crime labs, we show that the adoption of robotics depends on familiar  push and pull factors: the push of agency professionalism, the pull of agency task environments, and the supporting capability of resources. Together these findings suggest that agencies can be early adopters of robotics as advanced technologies if they have the capacity (and need) to do so. 6. Title: Inclusivity in Online Platforms: Recruitment Strategies for Improving Participation of Diverse Sociodemographic Groups Authors: Annelieke C. van den Berg; Sarah N. Giest; Sandra M. Groeneveld; Wessel Kraaij. Abstract: Governments are increasingly implementing smart and digital approaches to promoting citizen participation. However, whether online participation platforms are tools that improve inclusivity in citizen participation remains underexplored. To address this gap, this article focuses on the role of recruitment messages and their effect on participation in an online participation platform by gender and age. A field experiment with a neighborhood census sample (N = 6,066) shows that online participation dips for younger and older citizens and is equal among women and men. For the age groups between 60 and 75, differences in the control and intervention recruitment messages significantly impacted participation. These findings can help public managers tailor recruitment strategies to facilitate inclusive participation and represent a first step toward learning what types of messages are effective for whom. 7. Title: Tackling the Performance Regime Paradox: A Problem Solving Approach Engages Professional Goal Based Learning Authors: Donald P. Moynihan; Martin Baekgaard; Mads Leth Jakobsen. Abstract: Public performance regimes are bedeviled by a paradox: they must engage the specialized knowledge of professionals who often perceive those very regimes as a threat to their autonomy. The authors use a mixed method analysis of performance management in Danish hospitals, with separate data for managers and frontline professionals, to offer two insights into this challenge. First, the study shows that managerial behavior in the form of performance information use matters to the way frontline professionals engage in goal based learning. Second, it shows that the way managers use performance data matters. When managers use data in ways that reinforce the perception of performance management as an externally imposed tool of control, professionals withdraw effort. However, when managers use data in ways that solve organizational problems, professionals engage in goal based learning. The threat to professional values that performance regimes pose can therefore be mitigated by managers using data in ways that complements those values. 8. Title: Interacting Capacities: The Indirect National Contribution to Subnational Service Provision Authors: Ricardo A. Bello Gomez Abstract: Different levels of government often interact on the ground, providing closely related services. While multilevel governance arrangements have been studied broadly, scarce literature has explored the contribution of national governments to achieving subnational policy goals. By reconceptualizing administrative decentralization as coexisting devolution (to subnational governments) and deconcentration (through field units), this research explores the indirect national contribution to subnational performance by delivering associated services. This article tests the following hypotheses: (1) there is a positive effect of national deconcentrated capacity on subnational policy outputs, and (2) under policy overlap, this contribution diminishes with increasing levels of subnational capacity. While Colombian schooling is decentralized, the national government indirectly contributes to education through a national agency that administers child protection services. Analyzing data for Colombian subnational governments over a decade reveals that national capacity boosts education provision while the least endowed regions benefit the most, thus providing evidence supporting both hypotheses. 9. Title: Sustainability Synergies or Silos? The Opportunity Costs of Local Government Organizational Capabilities Authors: Aaron Deslatte; Eric Stokan. Abstract: Public managers serve many sovereigns, work within fiscal constraints, and face competing demands for finite resources. This article applies a strategic management lens to local government sustainability capabilities to examine the conditions under which local governments diversify into new areas of service delivery and when they do not. Building on recent efforts to apply resource based theories to the public sector, the authors distinguish between more and less fungible capabilities and posit that local government officials make such commitments to enhance the competitiveness of their communities. Two surveys of U.S. cities provide evidence that governments that rely on tax incentive based development approaches may struggle to make sustainable development gains. Such cities are more likely to devote resources disproportionately to delivering benefits to firms at the risk of incurring increasing opportunity costs over time. Prior commitments to traditional, firm based economic development capabilities appear to inhibit their ability to pursue broader sustainability policies. However, economic development strategic planning can also positively influence some investments in greenhouse gas reduction efforts. Moreover, cities facing more competition for development are more likely to integrate planning and performance measurement to assess their sustainability commitments. 10. Title: At the Juncture of Administrative Evil and Administrative Racism: The Obstacles and Opportunities for Public Administrators in the United States to Uphold Civil Rights in the Twenty First Century Authors: Brian N. Williams; Brendin Duckett. Abstract: We use a case study approach to examine the obstacles and opportunities for public administrators who seek to uphold the civil and human rights of residents in the United States during the twenty first century. In particular, our analysis of two cases one historical and the other contemporary—reveals what occurs at the juncture of administrative evil and administrative racism, where politicians, policymakers, and those who implement policies engage in intentional and functional acts that harm marginalized populations. These actions, which discriminate against and oppress people and communities of color, are antithetical to the core ideals of American democracy and the central tenet of contemporary public administration: social equity. We conclude by offering practical and pedagogical prescriptions to strengthen social equity for all members of the American public in the hope of achieving Martin Luther King's dream of a Beloved Community. 11. Title: Is Representation Enough? Racial Disparities in Levels of Force and Arrests by Police Authors: Andrea M. Headley; James E. Wright II. Abstract: The research in representative bureaucracy that examines the extent to which racial congruence impacts bureaucrats’ decisions is mixed. This study adds to this literature by examining the impact of representative bureaucracy on the level of force that police officers use and whether they make an arrest in use of force encounters, while taking into consideration key situational conditions. Using individual level data from New Orleans to estimate this impact, the authors find that racial congruence and incongruence impact policing outcomes even in the presence of situational shortcuts that cue decision making. The findings show that the benefits of representation are conditional on the outcome. Black officers are less likely to use higher levels of force on Black civilians. Yet both Black and White officers are less likely to arrest White civilians in use of force encounters. This suggests that interactions in which bureaucrats have less discretion (e.g., arrests) may offer limited opportunities for active representation. 12. Title: Equal Employment Opportunity: Women Bureaucrats in Male Dominated Professions Authors: Sebawit G. Bishu; Andrea M. Headley. Abstract: The public sector prides itself on being a place where women and other marginalized groups can find shelter from workplace discrimination. Still, gender inequities are evident in the public sector workforce. In this article, interview data from city managers and police officers highlight the gendered internal organizational processes, arrangements, and interactions that impact women's experiences in male dominated roles. Despite seemingly equal opportunities to access and engagement in these bureaucratic roles, the findings suggest that women constantly face gendered barriers and boundaries that directly impact their experiences on the job and their work related outcomes. Legislative and administrative remedies are not sufficient to eliminate gendered experiences of women in male dominated roles. Rather, a cultural change from within the workplace is vital to realize the efforts of civil rights laws established more than 50 years ago. 13. Title: LGBTQ+ Civil Rights: Local Government Efforts in a Volatile Era Authors: Nicole M. Elias Abstract: LGBTQ+ issues at the local level pose some of the most pressing civil rights challenges in the current U.S. context. This analysis provides insight into what is taking place in major municipalities and how these efforts can be improved to bolster equity and civil rights for LGBTQ+ populations. At a time when identity, language, and public sector values are inherently intertwined and constantly changing, the following question is ripe for analysis: how are major U.S. municipalities addressing the civil rights needs of the LGBTQ+ population? To answer this question, an analysis of government websites from the top 10 U.S. cities by population is conducted, examining the policies, programs, and services that municipalities offer LGBTQ+ residents and the language used to frame these policies, programs, and services as expressions of power, representations of identity, and the website presentation itself. 14. Title: Poverty, Policy, and Federal Administrative Discourse: Are Bureaucrats Speaking Equitable Antipoverty Policy Designs into Existence? Authors: Anthony M. Starke Jr. Abstract: Non elected, non appointed federal employees, referred to as  bureaucrats, are among the many policy actors that participate in policy discourse. This article investigates whether bureaucrats administrative discourse promotes economic equality, as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. envisioned. Based on a qualitative analysis of data from congressional testimonies (n = 34) before and after the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, this study discusses the role of public administrators as contributors to welfare policy discourse and the resulting implications for the fight for equality and equal citizenship. It finds that bureaucrats’ welfare policy discourse marginalized vulnerable populations, particularly African American women. 15. Title: Civil Rights, Social Equity, and Census 2020 Authors: RaJade M. Berry James; Susan T. Gooden; Richard Greggory Johnson III. Abstract: This article examines Census 2020 relative to civil rights and social equity. Mandated by th$&./1BEGHIKT•–žíÜʻʻʩš‹wobTF9Th
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h î5OJQJ^Je U.S. Constitution, the Census is directly related to civil rights as Census totals are used to determine voting representation, and results impact billions of dollars of federal, state, and local funding across multiple areas including education, health care, and housing. Census undercounts impact marginalized communities, and this is a heightened concern for Census 2020 along two core social equity dimensions: (1) race and ethnicity, and (2) immigration and citizenship. The implementation of Census 2020 is the responsibility of public administrators and poses challenges in the areas of social equity, leadership, and administrative infrastructure. 16. Title: The Slippery Slope: Struggling for Equity in the Academy in the Era of #MeToo Authors: Hillary J. Knepper; Gina Scutelnicu; Rebecca Tekula. Abstract: The complexity of the sexual harassment language of the #MeToo movement creates discontinuities that may muddy intended communications. Yet understanding this language provides a fuller picture of the experiences that women face. Gender harassment has persisted in the workplace despite long standing antidiscrimination policies, perhaps because of a universal failure to recognize all forms of it some of which are more pervasive and common than sexual abuse. This article considers the ability of the academy to affect sexual harassment in public administration. It discusses the implications of gender harassment, the least recognized form of sexual harassment, and makes recommendations for overcoming gender barriers in the academy and in practice. Evidence based guidance for advancing women in the academy may create more equitable and just spaces for teaching and learning. Public administration classrooms and scholarship represent critical opportunities to recognize patterns of organizational practice and systematically redress gender harassment in the workplace. 17. Title: Beyond the Turtle Approach: Women in the Public Sector Authors: Sue M. Neal; Michelle R. Gherardi; Amanda M. Olejarski. Abstract: Equity issues persist in defining public sector women as in need of accommodation, including during times of child rearing or caregiving. The authors argue instead that viewing the fullness of a woman's existence should empower others to see broad life experiences as a benefit to be fostered. Public service organizations and the academy should build policies and systems that recognize this value and work to cultivate, rather than accommodate. While women have historically taken the turtle approach that is, keep your head down the #MeToo movement has morphed women into strong bison, standing shoulder to shoulder. The authors advocate for more inclusive and supportive mentoring relationships to move into a new era the pigeon era. In public administration, this manifests as providing holistic support and intentional mentorships throughout the arc of women's careers and institutional policy changes that support the unique value of women in the public sector and the academy. 18. Title: Invisible Populations and the #MeToo Movement Authors: Richard Greggory Johnson III; Hugo Renderos. Abstract: The #MeToo movement has done a great deal to address sexual abuse and violence. There is no doubt that justice may occur when the right person speaks out. However, what happens when the wrong people that is, people of color, the working class women, and transgender people speak out on the same issue? When these  wrong people do speak out, they are discredited, marginalized, and silenced by being ignored. This Viewpoint essay addresses two populations that have been overlooked by the #MeToo movement: women of color and transgender people. The essay concludes with recommendations for how the movement can move forward given the criticisms around the absence of diversity and transparency. 19. Title: Facing the Giant: A Framework to Undo Sex Based Discrimination in Academia Authors: Sebawit G. Bishu; Alan Kennedy. Abstract: In 2019, American workers reported 26,221 claims of workplace harassment to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Nearly half of those claims represented sex based harassment. The #MeToo movement has shined a spotlight on the pervasiveness of harassment across sectors and institutions. A 2018 report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine indicates that 58 percent of women in academic institutions, for instance, have experienced some form of sexual harassment. In this article, the authors propose a three part framework to establish a culture of zero tolerance of sexual harassment. The framework helps academic and other institutions prevent sexual harassment, protect victims from risks of reporting harassment, and set accountability measures to demand justice. The utility of the framework is twofold. First, administrators can apply it as a tool to audit institutional attitudes toward sexual harassment. Second, leaders can apply it as a corrective tool to prevent permissive organizational climates that allow sexual harassment to be perpetuated. 20. Title: Assessing the Organizational Culture of Higher Education Institutions in an Era of #MeToo Authors: Stephanie Dolamore; Tara N. Richards. Abstract: Sexual harassment was established as a form of sex discrimination in institutions of higher education (IHEs) under Title IX of the Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Since then, decades of victimization surveys beginning in the 1980s show that sexual misconduct continues to be a significant problem for IHEs. Estimates suggest that as many as 25 percent of college women experience a sexual assault while in college, while as many as 34 percent experience attempted or completed unwanted kissing, sexual touching using physical force, threat of physical force, and/or verbal coercion during their college career. In this Viewpoint essay, the authors propose the Preventing and Addressing Sexual Misconduct Framework as a tool to assess and cultivate an organizational culture that is responsive to these concerning trends. Pulling from an interdisciplinary body of scholarship and the philosophy of the #MeToo movement, this tool is a starting place for the continued dialogue that is needed to more fully address sexual misconduct on college campuses. 21. Title: Truth and Reconciliation as a Model for Change in Response to #MeToo Authors: Roddrick A. Colvin; Kwan Lamar Blount Hill. Abstract: The U.S. criminal justice system is designed to handle extreme cases of sexual misconduct, but the system has not adapted well to less extreme (but no less important) sexually inappropriate behaviors. As our understanding of sexual misconduct and impropriety evolves, the need for a new system of accountability seems apparent. The authors call for a new approach to providing justice for survivors/victims: the adoption of a truth and reconciliation model. This model involves providing a public forum for survivors/victims to testify to the events of their victimization and for offenders to admit previous wrongdoing, take responsibility, and ask forgiveness. While it is not appropriate for handling illegal behaviors, a truth and reconciliation model would be ideal for incidents that are not illegal but violate our evolving social norms. åNN/ffNÄ‹ÿ 22. Title: H. George Frederickson, HOT TICKETS, Crimes, Championships, and Big Time Sports at the University of Kansas (Jefferson, NC: McFarland Books, 2019). 256 pp. $25.00 (soft cover), pISBN: 978 1 4766 7787 3; eISBN: 978 1 4766 3748 8 Authors: Chester A. Newland Abstract: The article reviews the book  Hot Tickets, Crimes, Championships, and Big Time Sports at The University of Kansas by H. George Frederickson. 23. Title: McCabe, Joshua T. The Fiscalization of Social Policy: How Taxpayers Trumped Children in the Fight against Child Poverty (Oxford University Press, 2018). 248 pp. $50.80, ISBN 13: 978 0190841300 Authors: Christopher Wimer Abstract: The article reviews the book  The Fiscalization of Social Policy: How Taxpayers Trumped Children in the Fight against Child Poverty by McCabe, Joshua T. 24. Title: Morgen Johansen (Ed.), Social Equity in the Asia Pacific Region: Conceptualizations and Realities (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019). 257pp. $64.99 (hardcover), ISBN: 978 3 030 15919 1 Authors: Sean McCandless Abstract: The article reviews the book  Social Equity in the Asia Pacific Region: Conceptualizations and Realities by Morgen Johansen.     <•Ö•Ø•ê•––0–2–P–R–T–f–h–h˜hœÎžÐžÒžÖžÚžæžèžTŸVŸñáÓñÈñÈñȸªœsh[Mª@ñáh)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
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