ÐÏࡱá>þÿ 
y{
þÿÿÿxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥ÁU ðR¿ìJbjbjënën2f‰éa‰éaÞB ÿÿÿÿÿÿ·""­­­­­ÿÿÿÿÁÁÁ8ùTMÁ|Ql
iiiiiûPýPýPýPýPýPýP$èR¶žU<�!Q­!Q­­ii4
6QÅÅŝ²­i­iûPŝûPÅÅÅiÿÿÿÿpºÀÈÒºÕ
ÿÿÿÿOÅçPLQ0|QÅÚUkRVÅÅZ0ÚUöU$­NȝÅ!Q!Q½|QÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿV"Qs:

Urban Studies Volume 57, Issue 1, January 2020 1. Title: Disambiguating the southern urban critique: Propositions, pathways and possibilities for a more global urban studies Authors: Mary Lawhon; Yaffa Truelove. Abstract: Scholarship engaging with (northern) urban theory from the south has troubled the core of urban studies. At this critical juncture, we argue that it is important to clarify core propositions and call attention to points of convergence and dissonance amongst advocates of ‘the southern urban critique’. We briefly review foundational arguments for this scholarly community, then outline three distinct iterations of the source of this critique: the south is empirically different; EuroAmerican hegemony works to displace a diversity of intellectual traditions; and the postcolonial encounter requires the critical interrogation of research practices. We then consider whether the southern urban critique is an argument for the study of a distinct southern urbanism, an ontological position about the socio-spatial contingency of all theorisation or a tactical strategy for calling attention to marginalised places and ideas to be superseded by an urban studies of a world of cities. We hope our efforts contribute to further conversation and greater analytical clarity, enabling more rigorous and robust articulations of the precise objects and objectives of the southern urban critique in particular, and urban studies more generally. 2. Title: Anchoring capital in place: The grounded impact of international wealth chains on housing markets in London Authors: Rex McKenzie; Rowland Atkinson. Abstract: Taking as our focus the city of London over the last decade, we use state-held records of house sales to consider the impact of competition for housing resources in the luxury property market. This data suggests that the use of offshore investment vehicles and the concealment of wealth from national tax agencies have become key mechanisms by which housing resources have been exploited by the wealthy and their capital deployed by agents of the rich. Using the concept of wealth chains, we consider these methods of capital accumulation as these extending flows of managed capital become ‘anchored’ within specific urban spaces, in this case the luxury housing market of inner West London. Our analysis of a selection of these chains shows that the prevailing political management of the property economy benefits those already winning the war of inequality while looking to augment their capital and shield it from tax and regulation. The ultra-wealthy, financial intermediaries and multinational corporations have created chains articulated across space, with the effect of undermining the value of dwellings as homes, and have replaced them with assets to be traded in pursuit of private and offshore wealth gains. The result is an urban context that favours already advantaged and powerful interests and enables the avoidance of tax obligations desperately needed at a time of austerity and intense housing need. 3. Title: The obesity epidemic and the metropolitan-scale built environment: Examining the health effects of polycentric development Authors: Jiawen Yang; Peiling Zhou. Abstract: Existing research on how the built environment affects physical activity and obesity has mainly focused on neighbourhood-scale features, such as land use mix, street connectivity and density. This research hypothesises that metropolitan-scale built-environment characteristics, such as polycentricity, should also play an important role. The impacts of the metropolitan built environment on individual travel behaviour will further affect how individuals allocate their time for sedentary activities, moderate physical activities and vigorous exercise, which in turn should affect individual weight status. This research uses the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2007 and spatial statistical polycentricity metrics for hypothesis testing. A multi-level path analysis reveals that living in a relatively polycentric region is significantly associated with a lower obesity probability with multiple paths: individuals living in relatively polycentric regions tend to spend less time on sedentary activities and more time on moderate-to-vigorous physical activities, which increases their daily energy expenditure; beyond the linkage to energy expenditure, living in a relatively polycentric region is directly associated with a lower obesity probability, which suggests other ways that the polycentric structure influences individual weight status. This research furthers the literature by examining how the formats of metropolitan spatial development are relevant to broader issues of individual lifestyles and public health. The results suggest that regionwide efforts to cultivate suburban centres of increased density could lead to significant public health benefits. 4. Title: Exploring the theories, determinants and policy options of street vending: A demand-side approach Authors: Eghosa O Igudia Abstract: Street vending has become an increasingly common feature of urban centres for several decades, with a relatively high proportion of developing countries’ populations depending on it for employment, income or survival. Taking a supply-side approach, studies have shown that the responses of urban planners to street vending have followed the modernism theory. In this paper, we take a demand-side (buyer-focused) approach to studying street vending, which has received little attention to date from the academic community. Employing data from Lagos state, Nigeria, we report four explanations underpinning the demand side of street vending: formal economy failures, social/redistributive explanations, financial gains and a multifeature explanation. These are, in turn, explained by the marital status, level of education and perception of individuals. Our findings highlight the need for urban planners to embrace pragmatic policies in addressing these demand-side drivers of street vending and use of urban space, rather than criminalising its actors. 5. Title: Four types of urban austerity: Public land privatisations in French and Italian cities Authors: Félix Adisson; Francesca Artioli. Abstract: This article contributes to current debates on urban austerity by comparing public land privatisations in French and Italian cities. These privatisations have emerged in several countries during the last two decades as a recurring austerity measure. However, current research does not explain how similar national austerity policies result in diverse urban outcomes. This article tackles this limitation by developing an analytical model of the different types of urban austerity. It uses the intergovernmental system and local policy capacity as the main variables to explain four local patterns of austerity, that is, gridlock austerity, nationally mitigated austerity, locally mitigated austerity and opportunistic austerity. Drawing on nine case studies covering two public landowners, the article shows that public land austerity policies have become routine practice based on compromises in French cities, but conflictual and based on ad hoc solutions in Italian cities. 6. Title: What is walkability? The urban DMA Authors: Kim Dovey; Elek Pafka. Abstract: The concept of urban ‘walkability’ has come to occupy a key role at the nexus of a series of multidisciplinary fields connecting urban design and planning to broader issues of public health, climate change, economic productivity and social equity. Yet the concept of walkability itself remains elusive – difficult to define or operationalise. Density, functional mix and access networks are well-recognised as key factors: density concentrates more people and places within walkable distances; functional mix produces a greater range of walkable destinations; and access networks mediate flows of traffic between them. This complex synergy of density, mix and access – herein called the urban DMA – largely stems from the work of Jacobs. With an approach based in assemblage thinking we show that each of these factors is multiple and problematic to define or measure. Any reduction to a singular index of morphological properties can involve a misrecognition of how cities work. We argue that walkability is a complex and somewhat nebulous set of capacities embodied in any urban morphology, and that it should not be conflated with nor derived from actual levels of walking. 7. Title: In search of the skilled city: Skills and the occupational evolution of British cities Authors: Peter Sunley; Ron Martin; Ben Gardiner; Andy Pike. Abstract: Recent research has argued that human capital has become the key driver of city growth and that there is a widening divergence between high- and low-skill cities. This skilled-city view includes several stylised propositions. The first is that more skills and human capital generate stronger economic growth; the second is that already-skilled cities are becoming ever more skilled; and, the third is that larger cities tend to have stronger concentrations of, and faster growth in, high-skilled, cognitive occupations. Using a detailed data set for occupational change in 85 urban Travel to Work Areas in Britain between 1981 and 2015, this paper evaluates whether these propositions apply to British urban evolution, and how they relate to the ‘hollowing-out’ of medium-skilled jobs. The results confirm the close interactive relationship between growth and high-skilled occupations. However, some of the skilled-city propositions, such as ‘smart cities becoming smarter’, and a positive relationship between agglomeration and high-skilled employment growth, do not apply in Britain where other factors have been more important. The pattern of high-skill growth has shown a strong regional dimension, and the ‘emergence’ of newer smaller cities, particularly in southern England, has been more evident than the ‘resurgence’ of large core and industrial cities. 8. Title: New rail transit stations and the out-migration of low-income residents Authors: Elizabeth Delmelle; Isabelle Nilsson. Abstract: This article tests the hypothesis that low-income residents disproportionately move out of neighbourhoods in close proximity to new rail transit stations. This transit-induced gentrification scenario posits that the development of rail transit will place an upward pressure on land and housing values and that higher-income residents will outbid low-income residents for this new amenity. The most transit-dependent population may therefore be displaced from the most accessible locations, forming a paradox in the investment in new transit systems. We test this hypothesis using the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset to trace the out-migration of residents across the United States from census tracts within five years of the opening of a new station, between 1970 and 2014. We find that low-income individuals are more likely to move, regardless of their neighbourhood. However, we do not find significant evidence that low-income individuals are more likely to move out of transit neighbourhoods, after controlling for both individual and other neighbourhood characteristics. The odds of moving out of a transit neighbourhood for low-income residents is statistically insignificant. In other words, they do not have a heightened probability of leaving new transit neighbourhoods compared with other residents. Our results are robust across decades, when examining renters alone, for different time spans and for varying definitions of transit neighbourhoods. We further find that those living in transit neighbourhoods are not more likely to live in a crowded dwelling. Our results therefore suggest that, on average, across the nation, low-income residents do not disproportionately exit new transit neighbourhoods. 9. Title: The impacts of built environment on ridesourcing demand: A neighbourhood level analysis in Austin, Texas Authors: Haitao Yu; Zhong-Ren Peng. Abstract: Recently, the explosive growth of ridesourcing, or on-demand ridesharing, has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers and planners. Despite its transformative impacts on mobility, limited studies have examined how built environment affects its use. In this study, we investigate the impacts of built environment on ridesourcing demand. We employ structural equation modelling to account for the complex relationships among study variables, and investigate the impacts at census block group level by using RideAustin data in Austin, Texas. Findings reveal strong impacts of built environment on ridesourcing demand and significant temporal heterogeneity. The models show that greater population/employment/service job densities, road density, pavement completeness, land use mix and job accessibility by transit produce more ridesourcing demand. Access to the commuter rail (MetroRail) also leads to greater demand. Furthermore, time-of-day (TOD) models demonstrate that these effects vary significantly according to the time of day. Our research has implications for policy making and for travel demand modelling of ridesourcing. 10. Title: Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts Authors: Jaap Nieuwenhuis; Tiit Tammaru; Maarten van Ham; Lina Hedman; David Manley. Abstract: The neighbourhood in which people live reflects their social class and preferences, so studying socio-spatial mobility between neighbourhood types gives insight into the openness of spatial class structures of societies and into the ability of people to leave disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In this paper we study the extent to which people move between different types of neighbourhoods by socio-economic status in different inequality and segregation contexts in four European countries: Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK (England and Wales), and Estonia. The study is based on population registers and census data for the 2001–2011 period. For England and Wales, which has long had high levels of income inequalities and high levels of socio-economic segregation, we find that levels of mobility between neighbourhood types are low and opportunities to move to more socio-economically advantaged neighbourhoods are modest. In Estonia, which used to be one of the most equal and least segregated countries in Europe, and now is one of the most unequal countries, we find high levels of mobility, but these reproduce segregation patterns and it is difficult to move to less deprived neighbourhoods for those in the most deprived neighbourhoods. In the Netherlands and Sweden, where income inequalities are the smallest, it is the easiest to move from the most deprived to less deprived neighbourhoods. The conclusion is that the combination of high levels of income inequalities and high levels of spatial segregation tend to lead to a vicious circle of segregation for low-income groups, where it is difficult to undertake upward socio-spatial mobility. 11. Title: State-rescaling and re-designing the material city-region: Tensions of disruption and continuity in articulating the future of Greater Manchester Authors: Mike Hodson; Andrew McMeekin; Julie Froud; Michael Moran. Abstract: In a context of globalisation, the emergence of city-regions and the politics and dynamics of their constitution has been debated for almost two decades. Recent writings have extended this focus to seeing city-regions as a geopolitical project of late capitalism where the state takes a critical role in the re-design of city-regions to make them amenable to international competition and to secure strategic inward investments in the built environment and infrastructure. We explore this issue in the context of state redesign of sub-national space in England and focus on Greater Manchester, as the de facto exemplar of ‘devolution’ to English city-regions. We argue that though re-scaling in Greater Manchester is a long-term historical process this has been punctuated by the UK state’s process of ‘devolution’ since 2014, this has involved a re-design and formalisation of Greater Manchester’s governing arrangements. It has also involved invoking a long dormant role for city-regional planning in articulating the future design of the material city-region over the next two decades as an attempt to formalise and continue a pre-existing, spatially selective growth trajectory by new means. Yet, the disruption of new hard governing arrangements also provides challenges to that trajectory. This produces tensions between, on the one hand, the pursuit of a continuity politics of growth through agglomeration, material transformation of the city-region and narrow forms of urban governance and, on the other hand, a more disruptive politics of the future of the city-region, its material transformation and how it is governed. These tensions are producing new political possibilities and spaces in the transformation of Greater Manchester. The implications of this are discussed.       "#),./02;¯°¸íÜʻʪʻ™Š»vnaSE8Sh
jŒ5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú ü5OJQJ^JhÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jh·uD5OJQJ^Jo(
hÌ"èhÌ"èo(
&hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJo(
h 2e5CJOJQJ^JaJ hú ü5CJOJQJ^JaJo(
hÝå5CJOJQJ^JaJo(
hú ü5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJ h$-Ó5CJOJQJ^JaJo(
#hú ühú ü5CJOJQJ^JaJ/01°Ö³ ´ *Sèén’'(”­ÔÕ6 a <$÷÷òíííèèãÞãèÙÞÙèÔÔÔÏÊÊÏgdÐpsgd)w¤gd$?ÃgdToŸgdú ügdßl$gd%j,gdU<¬gdÌ"è$
a$
gdt4¸¹ÄÅÔÕÖßಠ³ ´ µ · ½ ¾ )*23@AHôéÜÎÜÁ³¥˜Šr³drÎTdréM?hˆ Xhˆ X5OJQJ^Jhˆ Xhˆ XhvI¼hßl$5OJQJ^Jo(
hßl$hßl$5OJQJ^Jhßl$5OJQJ^Jo(
h
jŒ5OJQJo(
hiht4OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jhih
jŒOJQJ^Jo(
hÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jht45OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jhú ü5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^Jhicy5OJQJ^JHIQRS\]çèéêëìòómnvwƒ‹Œ‘’›üñæØʼ¯¡–‰{tf‰ØVf‰æHAñæØfhˆ Xhˆ Xhˆ Xhˆ X5OJQJ^JhvI¼hToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(
hToŸhToŸ5OJQJ^JhToŸhToŸhÌ"èhÒ`Œ5OJQJ^JhToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(
h%j,5OJQJo(
hihU<¬OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jhihßl$OJQJ^Jo(
hßl$hßl$5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jhú ü5OJQJ^Jhˆ X5OJQJ^Jhˆ X›œ&'()+12“”œ¬­¶·ÓÔÕÖñä×Ì¿±£–ˆx£–ˆx£jä\QDhÐps5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
hvI¼h%j,OJQJ^Jo(
h»)h$?ÃOJQJ^Jo(
hvI¼h$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jh$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh$?Ã5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh%j,5OJQJ^Jhs/Ê5OJQJ^Jo(
h%j,5OJQJo(
hihaNOJQJ^Jhú ühú üOJQJ^Jh»)hToŸOJQJ^Jo(
ÖØÞß5 6 > ? M _ ` a j k ;$<$=$>$@$F$G$i$ñãÖȺã֯ȯŸ‘ƒvh]PñBPÈhr7Ahr7A5OJQJ^Jhr7A5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^JhvI¼hÐps5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^JhÐps5OJQJ^Jo(
hÐpshÐps5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^J<$=$j$Š$-).))Ë)(/)/{/ª/x6y6ì67‘;’;&<�{<�úBûB˜CÛCÞJàJúõõúúððúúëëúúææúúááúúÜÜú×gd°gdóSågdÿ_gdLz¥gd)ggd|ÿgdr7Agd)w¤i$j$r$s$}$ˆ$‰$Š$“$”$,)-).)/)1)7)8)Ž))˜)ñãÕʼʬžƒuj]OA]¼3AhvI¼h|ÿ5OJQJ^Jh|ÿh|ÿ5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh|ÿ5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jhú ü5OJQJ^JhvI¼hvI¼5OJQJ^Jhr7Ahr7A5OJQJ^JhvI¼hr7A5OJQJ^J˜)¤)¥)°)±)¾)¿)É)Ê)Ë)Ô)Õ)'/(/)/*/,/2/3/z/{/ƒ/„/–/—/¨/©/ª/³/´/w6ñæñæñæñæÖȺ­Ÿ”‡yk‡ñ]k‡ñæñæÖÈO­hih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hvI¼h)g5OJQJ^Jh)gh)g5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh)g5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jw6x6y6z6|6‚6ƒ6ë6ì6õ6ÿ677777;‘;’;”;–;ñæÙ˽°¢”½‰¢‰yk]PBæÙËhú üh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jhih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^JhvI¼hLz¥5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^JhLz¥5OJQJ^Jo(
hLz¥hLz¥5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhR5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
–;œ;;%<�&<�/<�?<�@<�M<�N<�^<�_<�k<�l<�y<�z<�{<�„<�…<�ùBúBûBýBÿBCCñäÖÈñÖ½Ö½Ö½Ö½Ö½­Ÿ‘„vk^PB^hóSåhóSå5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhóSå5OJQJ^Jo(
h)w¤5OJQJo(
h}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jhih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^JhvI¼hÿ_5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^Jhÿ_5OJQJ^Jo(
hÿ_hÿ_5OJQJ^JC—C˜C C¡C¬C­C½C¾CÊCËCÙCÚCÛCäCåCÝJÞJßJáJâJäJåJçJèJëJìJñãÕÇñ¼ñ¼ñ¼ñ¼¬žƒumimimimiuhlLïjhlLïU
hú ühj<OJQJ^Jo(
hú ühú üOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(
h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh[
h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(
hú ü5OJQJ^Jh[
h[
5OJQJ^JhóSåhóSå5OJQJ^Jh[
hóSå5OJQJ^Jhú ühú ü5OJQJ^JàJáJãJäJæJçJéJêJëJìJýøýøýøýýógd)w¤gd°
018
2P°‚. °ÆA!°"°# $ %°°S°à©
Žêçøiצê[„C
s
2ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð2(Ø
è
0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€8
X
ø
V~ °ÀЀàð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@PJ_H
mH nHsH tHJ`ñÿJck‡e$1$a$ CJKH_H
aJmH nHsH tH$A òÿ¡$Øž¤‹µk=„W[SOBióÿ³Bnfhˆ&”öÅœâ]®6ïšÒ¨ƒÒN=¼âìInÀ¡¼“a7‰‘²qb&>!"èh [ü¢+Lxêz)ã°óWÃVßOgá%¬Å¢|8Mă#±/øÙ8€è'Øþ=¼žQÁU*áÓCŒ`CÔW{’D6à¹/Ò[ŽœYLßôÚ%¿+ÔünÎ+{…\Ío–sMß/»~±Ði•BcAXô“/=xEçé'5¾ö&\¼h»4daž©Ï,yE\}†)–lŸaò‹ë•R¯^®·*¹z¹ÙËyV-WoWZ¹N¥]íô:m¿Vï=tCöšå¶WéÖr•b»ó*I¿VÏU½R©éU›µ®×|˜nc`å‰|¤±€ð*^ÛÿÿÿPK! ѐŸ¶
'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels„M Â0„÷‚wooÓº‘&݈ЭÔ„ä5 6?$Qìí ®,.‡a¾™i»—Éc2Þ1hª:é•qšÁm¸ìŽ@RN‰Ù;d°`‚Žo7íg‘K(M&$R(.1˜r'J“œÐŠTù€®8£Vä"£¦AÈ»ÐH÷u} ñ›
|Å$½b{Õ–Pšÿ³ý8‰g/]þQAsÙ…(¢ÆÌà#›ªLÊ[ººÄßÿÿPK
-!éÞ¿ÿ[Content_Types].xmlPK
-!¥Ö§çÀ6
0
_rels/.relsPK
-!ky–ƒŠtheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK
-!þœïfÙ”Ötheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK
-! ѐŸ¶
'ã theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]
Þ ìBfÿÿÿÿ ¸H›Öi$˜)w6–;CìJ&()*+-./01<$àJìJ',2ð@ð


@ñÿÿÿ€€€÷
ðH ð
ð0ð(
ð ðð’ð

ð0ð(
ð ððB ð
Sð¿
Ë
ÿ
 ?

ð
¾ÄÆËÀÌ ,]iELw}„‹Œ  j v º È 5>Uc¯¹Øߝ£¦¬ùŠ–ºÇ ELX_ÃÑöw|~‚ƒˆÛé *ž!¤! "¨"Ž'–'((+&+˜+¦+Ø+å+,(,³,Á,f-t-£-±-h.v.§.³.¾.Ë.õ.û.//ÝU
†
ß`å1_%V“ÇNH{
†
÷qÃìUû3
†
d]-
©Z:
KKKKn;„q0†

<«?*­7Տ:Aú
¥^B
å ƒ
l{ œ2HÊ(û#!©qŸ
÷m4-cqRrS
˜4>
¾P]
üsaO-Â?
†
ýYnÏb~i‹(˜ì)ibô
ô>!]È.†
` R
V:g&>!
†
Þ}N!ÔL
†
Ñ2Ë
"â0R
†
Å\€|
†
MD-%;åblrB
R
]“a 6Ji¢ ÃávjÖ`†
[JO 5J90†
RY ø:[Æ k 3q-r†
jx
8I˜
Tpæ kÖ|†
2~— Óáy†
 kñ ?I‚†
µ *
«?=†
¬#?
?*­@£4leÚdw" †
¯šZûgÍKDÑ2Ë^Eõ-H—x€wÈôT„bS &½xË-Z“yð
ßwöIÖ>†
:-þ
Šu 
KKKKdw" qîX
†
-h‚ K^R® ¶^‹VxBÄ ƒ=#
†
/y¯pur †
Ž²®
†
‘'FfÆx-ZùdÄy‹(˜û)Fk{Z
†
fV¼Ü-ºp—'ºE†
¬4Ô!~Qœ2H
`ô?I‚‡be
†
˜@œÂFK-<"ŸˆlÝqÒu®Ëy/†
x{øš]^ž~76=&
†
Ÿ³Í` [¢ ëRH&<Ñ^êØOC!
†
ùd
{Õ/Ì"ïª
þ[ëµhÜ2
†
™dª‰¥t
†
€wÈ8I˜ (fÜtl(†
‚þÈ}¸t¶a9û~ð8—Ú7l±†
4ö
";ûg)n†
Ép
7v}gÓXd|•š&žH‰w¯
Aâ
gb÷uáD
\*í)#Jb”LåD†
)rÞ}†
—W•GL$L†
rÁQHœ+VÝò„/xCz.›^M~;¦|p%€FZPS7l±pS°#
†
¬±<>)†
§lÈ[^–¢Sóávj
†
¥h
5h 5†
+a
«l[µx• xCz‡be˜yFdxLÒy
†
ÈRAj>´nécR%V“†

h¥
a9Åó !`†
ª}<œqõ}Q =¬7y]‚óRŽ-†
É.¾zfÖ7¡
½ ôe­o[KH,~†
HmPM~
†
MgÉ=Õj
†
Ö>m©?[%
†
­'w…Jo8‡Lòy2\gQwez+™¾P]74™
`A®émÞ!†
|zè©Z:½*úÇB!
†
g;cq‘QQ£HûNK^R+a¥X„T aNŠGAP
†
y8”½xË
†
ÿS¹
ãdëŽÏz†
¸J„VZq†
êT\ ~†
ÜaV'Po†
_m4áiÅwÁÃTkPBÇ` RQ1èýYn
†
pur Äp}
†
Àá ureP
†
&>!¬Z[FxX)!
ÇB!x{øEC!©T‹K†
ØOC!±vÚ>b(P!
ä+]!é3îl„!NRÝQémÞ!ØJ#
†
g-í!òf³dÊ[z"·U&z†
6'"´ZY†
Q —"jI _
†
™m³"ä+]!Ý&»"û)†
Õ/Ì"|zès\ÿ"=VÑG†
§~#ã)9~
†
ŽK#»è+†
I3#¬#?ƒ=#øi\;ØJ#p%€sHˆ#Áí†
2K‹#
¦|#RY
†
pS°#PBÇ¢9õ#üsa†
D $É°yJ!4$â`„%†
qG$
÷EP$ÿ"e<�@VŒ$
:*­$þ[ë†
p½$¢]'†
©?[%3eá?Z]%
â`„%vd
†
I1%¥lYK-,ª%Ò,½=†
­lÍ%ÐzÜ@ÓXñ%Ü!0
†
E&pOQ
ÐbS &
Øb*&Tâ(6=&­'w«RH&2\¤qP&nYvC
†
­tˆ&
݉&
¢]'÷EP$
†
tWˆ'~d:(éR·'ñkL†
í>ß'׍5ÛLß'”tAz†
ÂW(R‰@†
~d:(
ã_(iT~tl(ëx¹,
†
dM´(úTâ(ÉpIê(Óé]
†
a#ù(Áj¹`†
<>)^E
†
çW)!,©f
†
˜
Ø)­lÍ%
†
í)MQ{Œ"*Ú^ói†
²LE*^lÍXÑNE*N9
†
È^Ñ*›:8T†
¶3+§lÈð ÌÌÌ
ÌÌÌ
ÌÌÌ
ÌÌÌ
ª[?+
‚v+Œýo
†
(S…+
QHœ+
Î`»+q¥f»è+{pË
†
¢C,@½I†
ñ
#,¡Dq[mK,+@p‘qb,ˆd&dèŸ,Ö>m†
ëx¹,¯{uò,˜@œQ>,-
÷m4-rtÌHÂFK-
óRŽ-œJëN
†
2@—-çgGc†
Åš-X*ˆy†
¼Ü-
>o.-Dt†
îtÂ.¦–z]È.¥X„
†
<}7/d|•
†
Ëy/dS
}
†
ò„/: o=tjÝ/
0
ÞU0{zúOÜ!0ÈRAN+0gY|†
5J90Ï$Œ}
†
;1š0ô©EFw2 þZ†
>2"OÊM29!"e¼W°2¯f
\µhÜ2NÜ~øw×3ui‹
†
+æ3DjìUû3ÅóX@£4
‡;¿4å
d5
†
ºpÇ4@L
†
5h 5‡^B^
†
-A5
¦PV5
å
d5tWˆ'׍5
ÎÂ5MD-
†
BÌ5IìD
†
ÇVï5 -A5“a 6”`dñ#6ghCH†
81„6‰&7͇6ça
†
r!Ÿ6Q1è†
¦@é6
Xxî6)1:t‰&7˜XÐ\£~7
4\ƒ7bD9T=rÞ7€´Gr F8c©]†
…Jo8
û~ð8ïªó8šÔB†
N9?OiêQß9
¯A:ÐKx_†
s›:
KKKKÎ3ù:±!‹q÷O";¬4MJJO;
øi\;Ù%§|c;÷qÆ
vIu;ªRUÆ;ž~7†
[UïU¼`fR>í>ß'IÖ>R
]
†
±vÚ>lrBØMT?<#iq!{’?P[5=
†
TFž?­tˆ&Ÿ?½*ú†
O-Â?ØMT?‘Sá? U|3eá?½-X{É8ç?
½@}Ć
*.}@˜
Ø)†
Ï-‡@ºT¥`
†
R‰@g
†
ÐzÜ@Z]%HAg;
†
:A
ñs6Ay8”†
DOAhu†
(µA²LE*
†
&EÎANa†
½.ÔANŠ†
‘a†
$,&D]”LåD|1ïq
†
IìDbl#gå>E½\
†
ô©EZÕvûn¸E‚v+†
—'ºEí#öc
†
hFs™]†
=bDF¦^^n†
¬Z[F“yðÐ’FÊ"…o+w~G¼ L`ó#—Gº{9=€´G
=VÑG’oÈt
†
{s H
õ-H¦PV5
p@HåoG†
ghCH'\L
†
š&žH½tŒe¥HoaQ
Ô!~Q…ÁY#%­Q@gKU
†
NRÝQ
ÞQ
îìQqG$ªR
)b;R«,¦q
†
š0hR‡L
†
ßZwR
þ {R;1š0
†
±y{R
ìiŽRÀá †
(UõRÞ$AtxcS
º#Sw/Ê=FZPS
8TS)b;R†
ÏTSó#—G3%€S
À{«S‡;¿4†
Üg/T˜4>›:8Tµgn
†
bD9T
]z[TÎ ²mƒ¢TD $þ`ÂTÿS¹ï,!UÏrdi†
@gKUÞU0 g€U‚þ³UxcS>ÝUC;ŒrXYYVáD¶^‹V4öOÊV
©J$WûWûW
Å6…XÊM2:3œXàq•Y†
Õ¬XÎ3ù:
†
±OµXº#S^lÍX\<ðjgÓXQ>,- qîXª}<ÅóX_/,J´ZYƒ¢T
†
ã`-Y
<MYv†
àq•Yv^mC
†
…ÁY
<Z…&xFk{ZÍKD þZHp
†
Ì
[Üenxø:[†=ö^Í` [
Œ0’[(>Y†
¯f
\
Í?\Iê(†
½\úMö˜XÐ\~Ðf<1/Õ\Ås»†
¬7y]Â>aQs™]Øð
†
c©]Hv¿I
†
Óé]vIu;š]^
[^
ph$^
‡^B^ß`.›^
†=ö^
å1_
ÐKx_¶a9
†
jI _l{ ó !`‘qb,
†
¼ L`
èY`å ƒºT¥`”=Ö}Áj¹`‘QQ
†
ïU¼`
§>Ö`_m
†
T a݉&Na[mK,
†
9a€‘q†
˜
…aÎÂ5†
˜>‘asq¥y
†
3jÕaßZwRçaôT„3b@Ïz†
ì)ib
õU~b1µH†
øU b§~#†
%;åb@VŒ$03cD.£BçgGcg-í!
†
va€cÑ^ê†
…Ñc(µA†
UÝcš0hR†
í#öc©J$Wvd0q|”`d
ˆd&d›@ÒMòf³d,-¾Znüd¦|#†
9!"e2K‹#¦g+e
ª/eµ *^EeŽ²†
æL\eå>E†
–eme¥HgQweŠu ½tŒe
duŒeFd†
ú&fJiƒ,\f<}7/†
¾zfs{Tq¥f3%€S!,©fqx{~ÐfXxî6ŠaÙf
6Ýf<Z
†
bl#g¥^BLkQgäJ9r†
g8|k=šZûg
Ç-9hšK?OiÔuß<�MeBi
ÏrdiØb*&
†
Ïb~i±y{R4áiã`-YÚ^óiX–u
†
NFüi£~7DjtjÝ/v,…jÉ8ç?w¿jþ`ÂTÉ=Õjˆ4¶q\<ðj
æd
kgÃTk
Zl!{’?†
klV:g†
é3îl<|ö<IeùlJ+Lê^(mˆšK
†
ô.‘m
z*¢mAâÎ ²m
ÚHnèY`µgn„!ûg)nfR>
†
¦^^nVÝ
†
,mnºkj>´n
h#ÛngV'Po½ ô
†
Ê"…o
Ä"™o6GP†
e­o
h¥¶.´orÁšv½oMg†
Œýo]z[THpTFž?(Ap(S…++@pª[?+bEp=rÞ7{?pp[^–¹C½p¤qP&†
¡Dq
„VZq• 
†
<#iq
±!‹qù ˜€‘qQ =
†
«,¦qÅwÁ#!©q{s Hˆ4¶qŠaÙfˆlÝq
|1ïq6SŽ~Rðq
3q-rIeùl
†
äJ9r+æ3
†
C;Œrn[G° ùrÏ-‡@†
v#xs[^–y0®sb(P!öês{fM-DtÄy
†
)1:to ývÞ$AtÅ6…Xð 0w?
0w?
0w?
0w?
ä.¢tª/e‰¥t(ApÈ}¸t
’oÈt³U2…&xph$^Üenx
[µx,mnfÆx&xn þxï0¨<�†
=.y6Ýf†
Ö+OyrgOX*ˆy‹xÓu
†
˜yd]-sq¥y7ÕÉ°y
xLÒyîtÂ.Óáy];yw
†
òy‰w¯·U&zé*N{
†
”tAzr=°
†
WhKzjx ‡.TzJi¦–z
@Ïz¶.´o
†
ŽÏz¸`ÈO
†
­%þz³qöwv{
ÇNH{$,&Dé*N{‘Sá?MQ{
 HR{͇6†
jbS{
½-X{
qx{¦@é6mð{™dª†
0q|ì~èvgY|öês
†
<,E|
 U|
­[|çW)†
\€|+w~G;¦|¦g+ekÖ|ä.¢t
†
y>Ø|BÌ5†
dS
}XYYVÄp}§R>Ï$Œ}dM´(ßMš}J<¿v†
”=Ö}jbS{œqõ}
\ ~ô=
†
H,~03c
†
ã)9~WhKziT~
¹;¸~
j{Á~0¡N†
NÜ~L s{TŸ
<(>Y\*
†
4e’z+™jª
{pË4\ƒ7“Ï(kàI†
Áí—x
†
úMöjª¬å«…[
w°áM2 Rñ Ép j^òNÿ_atißwbƱ.h j<ShªTO>s­r#ßl$ƒ}&‘m'»m(»)%j,ÐP.ÙI/É2†Z2'4t4.6ô6*8;I8CJ8Ë9Äe=K&>E!@JJ@r7AíECïnD·uD
VF0I4TJÇKULˆVL%MaNÕ%Sˆ XMKXGYãPYÂ^rO_5a„7aHc 2eµQf)gjMiÓckalTHlLmnnm}On[rÐps0@uI1vywicy‚X}/€Wt„mwˆº=‰Ê=‰Ò`Œ
jŒNJÑ9‘l’.~’v–=H›âJœÐ~œdUõ Ÿ=IŸFjŸToŸ4 ðM þ2¤)w¤¼¥Lz¥¨£c¨7
«U<¬[¬óT°·r°€±ì±÷´õ^¶v¶Ñ\ºA¼vI¼|W½r¾´¿ðÃ$?â ɽ!Ês/ÊÂÍà8Î*Ъ-Ñå_Ñ$-ÓÿfÖ><ÙçÛÒrÛ)àòCà7"ãÝåóSå?5æÉçÌ"èGlèbJéhëÖ-ì¢í îÄ"îlLïwñPó2øÔù—Yù ûú ü“Eü`-ý|ÿÞBàB
ÿ@€
‘‘

‘‘ìB˜@ÿÿ
Unknownÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿG
ÿ.à[xÀ ÿ
Times New Roman5


€Symbol3.
ÿ.à[xÀ ÿ
Arial7.
ÿ [ @Ÿ
Verdana;
†





(
‹[SOSimSunA
ÿàÿ$BŸ
Cambria Math 1ˆ¤
h
;"ÛfØÊ|g…_
ú ä8"yú ä8"yÁ-!),.:;?]}¨·ÇÉ    & 6"
0000 00 00000
ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ=ÿ@ÿ\ÿ]ÿ^ÿàÿ([{·  0 000000ÿÿ;ÿ[ÿáÿåÿ ´œ‚€¼B¼B 2ƒQüý
HPðÿ

?¨ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÌ"è2!xx ¾Ð£iÜ
ÿÿuserLIB-x#íB
 Õâñi ӍðZ'™µ`¼¤¶IӍïZ'™µþÿ 
à…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0T

ˆœ¨¸ÄÔ äð 

(
4
<
D
L
¨userNormalLIB-x133Microsoft Office Word@ú¼1@¢yþé\Ê
@ˆ¼¿ÒºÕ
ú ä8þÿ 
ÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0´
X`t|„Œ”œ¤¬¨Microsofty"¼B
   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123þÿÿÿ56789:;þÿÿÿ=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefgþÿÿÿijklmnoþÿÿÿqrstuvwþÿÿÿýÿÿÿzþÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRoot Entry
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF°©ÈÈÒºÕ
|€Data 
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ41Table

ÿÿÿÿ<�VWordDocument
ÿÿÿÿ2fSummaryInformation(
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhDocumentSummaryInformation8
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿp
CompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
þÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFMicrosoft Word 97-2003 Îĵµ MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9²q