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Volume 27, Issue 111, May 2018
1. Title: China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI) and Southeast Asia: A Chinese 'pond' not 'lake' in the Works
Authors: Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.
Abstract: There is raging speculation about the potential implications of China's One Belt, One Road (OBOR)/Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for the global order, spheres of influence and the positions of extra-regional powers. Much commentary is overly broad and lacks a clear and systematic method for examining OBOR/BRI's future consequences. Focusing on the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI), a major OBOR/BRI component, in the Southeast Asian context, this article shows China's own situation and Southeast Asian international and domestic economic and political variables will hinder the complete implementation of the MSRI. Even if the MSRI is fully realized, various factors will limit the political impact of the MSRI's economic attractions. In short, the MSRI is more likely to yield a Chinese pond than a Chinese lake.
2. Title: Regional Responses to China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative in Southeast Asia
Authors: Chen, Shaofeng.
Abstract: Southeast Asia has sat atop China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI). By and large, most Southeast Asian countries hailed China's MSRI, but their responses to it have some variances. The article aims to analyze why they have differing responses. It contends that the primary determinant is changing domestic politics, specifically, ruling elites' policy priority, degree of trust of China, leaders' ideology and preference, and social response. While rejecting the impact of trade imbalance and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from China, the influence of the South China Sea dispute and America's Asia policy have been partially verified.
3. Title: Myanmar's Role in China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative
Authors: Mohan Malik, J.
Abstract: This article argues that the origins and theoretical underpinnings of Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative can actually be traced back to the mid-1980s, that is, almost three decades before the official media unveiled the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI). It examines the changing role of Myanmar in China's grand strategy in general and in MSRI in particular by undertaking an investigation of trade and investment relations. This analysis of the geo-economic and geo-strategic implications of MSRI is undertaken in order to offer a prognosis of benefits and costs for Myanmar. Both the extent and the limits of MSRI are illustrated in Myanmar. It ends with a discussion of possible roadblocks, detours, cracks and fault lines along the Maritime Silk Road.
4. Title: Laoxiang Network and Boundary Struggles: Urban Migrants' Self-Organization in China's New Workplaces
Authors: Wu, Tongyu.
Abstract: This article examines the confrontation between 'new urban migrants' and native urbanites who labor as co-workers in urban China for the first time, and its corresponding influence over the self-organizing strategies of 'new urban migrants' on the service work floor in urban centers. Drawing on data from 51 semi-structured interviews and three-months of ethnographic research in a retail work setting, the author identifies three mechanisms that contribute to new urban migrants' organizational strategies and boundary-drawing practices in the urban workplace in response to urban workers' domination, which include: Laoxiang-based (i.e. fellow-villager-based) recruitment and training to monopolize occupational niches disdained by urban workers; strategically coordinating conflicts by major figures in the Laoxiang network; and offering materialistic favors to members sharing the same Laoxiang network.
5. Title: State Capacity and Cadre Mobilization in China: The Elasticity of Policy Implementation
Authors: Kennedy, John James; Chen, Dan.
Abstract: While mass mobilization and political campaigns were the main administrative tools for policy implementation in China during the Maoist era (1949-1976), they continued to a lesser extent into the reform period. In the Maoist era, these campaigns shaped the social and economic life of residents and government officials. However, the use of campaigns and mass mobilization diminished in the 1980s and 1990s in favor of modern administrative procedures. Instead, narrower mobilization of cadres and campaign-style policy pushes became part of the available administrative tools for policy implementation. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) sometimes reverts to campaign-style methods to deal with uneven implementation and local government foot dragging. The use of policy pushes suggests an elastic form of implementation where an intense wave of central leadership policy commitment can stretch down to the local level for a short period of time and then it recedes. Looking at the single child policy (birth control measures) from the 1980s to the early 2000s, and several environmental policies such as 'blue sky' days, the authors demonstrate that the CCP still relies on campaign-style policy pushes as one of the administrative tools for policy implementation.
6. Title: Negotiating Service Activism in China: The Impact of NGOs' Institutional Embeddedness in the Local State
Authors: Yuen, Samson.
Abstract: The rise of government procurement has transformed the associational landscape in China. In many localities, local states have launched procurement programs to collaborate with NGOs, which in turn provide social services to community residents. While it has been argued that government funding shapes NGOs into compliant service providers, this article contends that state-funded NGOs are able to engage in advocacy through service delivery, a strategy known as 'service activism'. By examining three NGOs in Guangdong Province, this article argues that NGOs' success in service activism is determined by their degree of institutional embeddedness in the local state and the nature of their advocacy strategies. While both strongly or weakly embedded relationships can weaken the impact of advocacy, progressive strategies in sensitive issue areas can weaken collaboration and draw repression.
7. Title: Selective Intervention in Dispute Resolution: Local Government and Community Governance in China
Authors: Hu, Jieren; Tu, Yue; Wu, Tong.
Abstract: The Chinese Communist Party faces a dilemma in local community governance, i.e. state intervention vs. community self-governance. Increased intervention violates its long-promoted social self-governance and undermines the regimes' credibility and legitimacy, while less intervention may add to the risk of social instability and collective actions at the local level. Therefore, selective intervention is applied by local government as a rational choice in community governance. This article explores the political rationale of local governments' selective intervention in community disputes in urban China. The authors argue that the type of community, the degree of homeowners' solidarity and the media exposure significantly affect the likelihood and degree of a local state's intervention as well as the local government's response in the dispute resolution.
8. Title: Mobilizing Resources for Education: The 2012 'Great Leap' in a Province in Western China
Authors: Zhao, Litao; Li, Ling; Huang, Chen.
Abstract: The tension between mobilizing resources to meet education-related growth targets and regularizing educational funding for a more stable and sustainable growth is structurally rooted in China's educational system, which features growth-oriented, centralized mandates and county-based, decentralized financing. It was manifested in 2012, when China experienced a 'great leap' in educational expenditure. Based on interviews and school-level data from a province in western China, this article suggests that the 'great leap' was real rather than fabricated. Local governments have demonstrated remarkable capacity in resource mobilization involving both formal and informal strategies. It also shows the scarring effects of too much mobilization. The 'great leap' has clearly stressed and strained local governments to the extent that there is clear evidence of policy non-compliance and greater irregularity in government funding for education in the aftermath.
9. Title: Does Refusal Bias Influence the Measurement of Chinese Political Trust?
Authors: Munro, Neil.
Abstract: Measurements of Chinese political trust may be inaccurate due to 'refusal bias', resulting from unwillingness of people with certain attitudes to take part in surveys. Such bias is especially problematic because researchers usually have little or no information about refusers. Nevertheless, techniques have been developed which allow correction of refusal bias by extrapolating from reluctant or difficult respondents on the basis of various measures of response propensity. Using data from a nationwide survey conducted in China in the winter of 2012/13, this article shows that this type of correction procedure improves the accuracy of measurement of the Communist Party membership rate, and produces significantly lower estimates of trust in the central government/Party leadership, trust in local government and support for the current system of government. Refusal bias is likely to result from the social desirability of expressing political trust and support under authoritarian conditions.
10. Title: Compliant Defiance: Informality and Survival Among Protestant House Churches in China
Authors: Reny, Marie-Eve.
Abstract: Protestant house churches have resorted to a form of subtle contestation which the author calls compliant defiance. Compliant defiance is the act of resisting central government policies while cooperating informally with actors in the local state in exchange for protection for the rules they challenge. Unregistered clerics engaging in compliant defiance choose not to formally register their congregations with the government, and operate independently from state corporatist religious associations in charge of managing the activities of official churches. They also bypass regulations on religious education, churches' interactions with foreign Christian actors, church leaders' travels, the distribution of religious material and proselytization. Informality has placed unregistered pastors in a position of vulnerability whereby they face risks of arbitrary state interference. Uncertainty has prompted them to seek protection from actors in local states by means of symbolic gestures of compliance and signals aimed at showing officials they are not a threat to political stability.
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