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Public Administration and Development Volume 34, Issue 4, October 2014 1. Title: Public Policy for Pensions Reform: A Governance Challenge for Public Administration and Development: Introduction to the Special Issue Authors: Paul D. Collins, Andrew Podger and Keyong Dong. Abstract: Reform of pensions policies is a priority public policy issue around the world. It is high on the agenda across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, transitional and developing countries alike. The individual country circumstances and drivers of reform may differ, as do the policy directions chosen, but there are also common factors and opportunities for cross-country learning. These relate not only to technical aspects of pension system design but also to the processes of policy and administrative reform and to issues of development. For PAD, they raise questions about ideas, interests and institutions, as well as about specific pension system design. 2. Title: Designing Social Security Systems: Learning From Australia and Other Countries Authors: Andrew Podger, David Stanton and Peter Whiteford. Abstract: Social protection systems reflect each country's history, culture and social values, as well as its economic capacity. But, once first established, they can be very hard to redesign as expectations are locked in, and the scale of the systems makes major change a difficult and risky management challenge. This paper describes alternative designs of social security systems and how each addresses the two core objectives of poverty alleviation and income maintenance. Drawing on the ‘pillars’ typology or framework, the paper describes how different systems are being adjusted to meet changing demographic profiles and economic pressures. It focuses in particular on Australia, which has always emphasised ‘foundation pillar’ programmes aimed at poverty alleviation and has only recently given emphasis to income maintenance. In doing so, it has chosen a very different approach involving mandated contributions into mostly fully funded schemes where individuals rather than the government and future generations of taxpayers bear most of the risks. Australia has also restructured its schemes for public sector employees. What possible lessons are there for countries at the early stages of design and implementation of a social security system? 3. Title: The Growing Role of Social Pensions: History, Taxonomy and Key Performance Indicators Authors: Robert Palacios and Charles Knox-Vydmanov. Abstract: Social pensions—government-provided non-contributory cash transfers to older people—are becoming an increasingly important element of public pension policy. While the history of social pensions is almost as long as social security itself, it is only in the last two decades that they have risen to prominence, particularly in the attempts of developing countries to fill a persistent coverage gap in their pension systems. This article begins by reviewing the history of social pensions, focusing on developments over the last two decades. It then goes on to explore an appropriate taxonomy of social pensions, attempting to move on from the simplistic (and often problematic) division of universal and means-tested schemes. Drawing on evidence from HelpAge International's Social Pensions Database, the article presents new indicators that can be used to assess the scope of social pensions. 4. Title: China's Pension Challenge: Adaptive Strategy for Success Authors: Keyong Dong and Gengyu Wang. Abstract: After 30 years of reformation, China has set up a multi-tiered pension system. This paper aims to observe China's current complex pension scheme longitudinally by analyzing the overall impact and changes it brings to Chinese society. As a broad overview of the whole of China's pension scheme and a discussion of its future challenges, this paper will follow the following order. Firstly, China's pension scheme will be introduced along with the observation of the current standing of the pension scheme from the perspective of a multi-tiered system and with a brief summary of its history. Secondly, different kinds of pension plans based on urban/rural areas and different occupational groups will be studied. Thirdly, problems of the current pension fund system and its future challenges focusing on financial stability, income support, and controversy over the system will be dealt with, and finally, the adaptive strategy of recent reforms will be discussed. 5. Title: Social Pension Unification in an Urbanising China: Paths and Constraints Authors: Bingqin Li. Abstract: A fragmented and segmented social protection system can create barriers for labour migration and be socially divisive. A review of the literature on Europe's integration of its social insurance system demonstrates the preconditions for developing an integrated social insurance system. These include political determination, social agreement by the contributors, administrative capacity and financial management ability. In this article, the author explains that there has been an ongoing process of gradual unification of the social insurance system in China. However, this ongoing process has not been able to achieve a universal system for both the rural and urban populations. A recent push towards further unification has been problematic. Not only have difficulties arisen from an unwillingness to implement policies, as often discussed by critics; they are also embedded in a more profound fragmentation of ideas and interests, and in institutional constraints. The author argues that a new, non-contributory basic pension, together with lowered transaction costs between contributory subsystems, may be a more realistic way forwards. 6. Title: The Political Economy of Pension Reforms in India Authors: Azad Singh Bali. Abstract: India's far-reaching civil service pension reforms in 2008 provided its fragmented and diffuse pension system a unifying organizing framework. The design and architecture of the reformed civil service program, the National Pension System, was subsequently extended to those employed in private formal and informal sectors. The article assesses India's pension reforms and identifies challenges for the National Pension System in providing old-age income security. The article also presents estimates for universal social pension scheme and argues that its implementation is constrained by political factors and not necessarily by fiscal constraints. 7. Title: Brazil's Social Security System: Prospective Trajectory and Reform Alternatives Authors: Kaizo Beltrao and Monica Pinhanez. Abstract: This article assesses the current status of Brazil's Social Security System in terms of the social and economic development of the Brazilian population it is intended to serve. It starts with a historical overview of the system. Data from a household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) is used to describe the workforce and its relationship with the social security system. The years 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 were chosen to give a series of pictures of the Brazilian population at equal intervals but under different legal circumstances with respect to the implementation of social security legislation. Data with regard to beneficiaries and the corresponding expenditures and revenues of the system are also shown. The situation presented is rather bleak considering that, since 1997, expenditure on benefits has consistently surpassed revenues based on payrolls. Some alternative reform options (parametric in nature) are evaluated using simulations. These simulations show that the alternative of postponing the eligibility age would have the greatest positive effect on balancing the books, especially when using 65 years as the minimum pensionable age. This would be the equivalent of eliminating  seniority retirement. Age testing is also effective for the recipients of survivor's benefit. Eliminating multiple benefits, though not impressive in terms of numbers, is progressive in nature and, therefore, an alternative to be considered. Dissociating the minimum wage from the minimum benefit would have a much larger impact in the long run, but the measure is highly unpopular and would most probably not be approved if proposed by the Government. 8. Title: Pension Reform in The European Periphery: The Role of Eu Reform Advocacy Authors: Matthias Stepan and Karen M. Anderson. Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of international reform advocacy on national pension reforms. We analyze European Union (EU) reform advocacy in two EU member states: Greece and Hungary. Although the EU has articulated a fairly coherent template for sustainable pensions, its use of soft coordination to influence national reforms has repeatedly collided with resistance to reform in the member states. As a result, EU soft law initiatives have had limited impact on pension reforms. In contrast, the sovereign debt crisis that began in 2009 provided a new push for EU reform advocacy because it gave the “troika” (the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund) substantial influence on pension reform in two countries affected by the debt crisis: Greece and Hungary. Analysis of the two countries' pension reform trajectories allows us first to determine to what extent Greek and Hungarian pension reforms conform to the EU's reform template and, second, how the troika conditionality has a causal impact on the content of reforms in both countries. 9. Title: Governance and Stakeholder Involvement in the Dutch Pension Industry, Lessons for Developing Countries Authors: Johan A. M. de Kruijf and Michiel S. de Vries. Abstract: The article discusses governance structure and stakeholder involvement in pension plan reforms. Although the global financial crisis has put pressure on pension reforms, some reforms were implemented earlier because of sustainability issues that had emerged on the %&-/78:FGHJSabnŽ§¨ÅÆÈÉÙÚâíÜʹʹʹ¥‚wj\wjwjwjwj\O‚h
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