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Volume 23, Issue 4, Oct 2013
1. Title: Going Beyond Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic: The Effects of Teacher Representation on Teen Pregnancy Rates
Authors: Atkins, Danielle N.; Wilkins, Vicky M.
Abstract: Research in the field of representative bureaucracy provides evidence that the presence of minority and female bureaucrats can improve outcomes for minority and female clients of an agency. However, the previous work has almost exclusively connected the benefits of representation to outcomes directly linked to the primary purpose of the organization. We contend that there may be additional benefits linked to bureaucratic representation that are beyond the mission of the agency. To test this contention, we examine whether the presence of minority and female teachers can improve outcomes, beyond educational measures, for female students. Specifically, using data from Georgia public schools, we test whether the presence of minority and female teachers lowers teen pregnancy rates. We find that as the representation of African-American teachers reaches the tipping point (around 20%) we see a significant reduction in the African-American teen pregnancy rate.
2. Title: Sorting Through: The Role of Representation in Bureaucracy
Authors: Kennedy, Brandy A.
Abstract: An ongoing weakness in the field of representative bureaucracy is an overreliance on quantitative analysis, partly driven by limited data availability. Studies have consistently relied on settings, such as education, where quantitative data are easily accessible. Although these studies provide great insight, the findings may not translate into other policy settings. The concept of role perception allows expansion of representative bureaucracy studies into a variety of settings. Using Q-sort analysis, this project explores bureaucratic role perception, focusing on how bureaucrats see their role as representatives and on the effects of descriptive representation and organizational setting. Four perspectives on representative bureaucracy are identified: leaders, traditional bureaucrats, identity empathizers, and diversity advocates. These perspectives reflect Pitkin’s discussion of representation and provide a more nuanced view of how bureaucrats see their roles. The findings suggest that (1) substantive representation may not require descriptive representation, (2) characteristics other than race and gender may be important, and (3) organizational variables may be related to bureaucrats’ role perceptions. These findings illuminate future theoretical and empirical research possibilities.
3. Title: Challenging or Enhancing the EU’s Legitimacy? The Evolution of Representative Bureaucracy in the Commission’s Staff Policies
Authors: Gravier, Magali.
Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the European Commission’s staffing policies. It focuses in particular on the extent to which, over time, the Commission has taken the criterion of nationality into account. The theoretical framework of this study is the theory of representative bureaucracy. The article shows that, although the Commission does not use a quota system, its staffing policies have evolved from a limited practice of representation to a complex, explicit, but flexible strategy of representation, which satisfies the criteria of representative bureaucracy. However, due to the duty of loyalty to which civil servants of the European Union submit, these policies only satisfy the criterion of passive representation. The article ends on an explorative note, with the hypothesis that a third type of representation exists. It suggests the creation of a third concept, linkage representation, to account for this.
4. Title: Representation in Nonelected Participatory Processes: How Residents Understand the Role of Nonprofit Community-based Organizations
Authors: Mosley, Jennifer E.; Grogan, Colleen M.
Abstract: Increasing public participation in administrative decision making has become an important goal in many public agencies. To determine who should participate in an open decision-making process, many public agencies develop purposive selection strategies to counteract the obvious biases that arise from self-selection. To accomplish this, leaders of nonprofit organizations, assumed to represent the views of the residents they serve, are often asked to serve as community representatives in a variety of participatory processes. As these nonelected representatives are not formally authorized or accountable, more knowledge is needed about the degree to which residents perceive this representation as legitimate. We use a mixed-methods approach to address whether residents believe nonprofit community-based organizations can play a legitimate representational role, what organizational characteristics they see as contributing to legitimate representation, and whether they view certain types of organizations as better embodying these characteristics. Findings reveal that residents believe nonprofit community-based organizations could make good representatives. Perceptions of the representative’s communication process and ability to produce tangible outcomes led to increased trust of a potential representative, a crucial precursor to legitimate nonelected representation. Although more research is needed to confirm whether these views are broadly generalizable, these findings begin to provide guidance to agencies seeking legitimate community representatives to serve in participatory processes.
5. Title: Administering Representation: The Role of Elected Administrators in Translating Citizens’ Preferences into Public Policy
Authors: Miller, Susan M.
Abstract: One of the most fundamental questions for democratic governance is how to structure a system that promotes policy choices that reflect citizens’ preferences. Given the typical absence of any direct connection between voters and administrators, scholars have devoted considerable attention to whether the bureaucracy is consistent with this important tenet of democracy. However, there is not always a disconnect between administrative officials and the electorate. In the US states , many of the individuals who administer various state agencies are directly elected, and the number of elected officisals varies greatly across the states. The diffusion of executive authority to elected administrative officials might enhance the congruence between citizens’ preferences and public policy. In this article, I consider this question, finding that the diffusion of executive authority to elected administrators fosters the translation of citizens’ preferences into public policy, and that a strong electoral connection is key for facilitating this relationship. These findings speak directly to the consequences of executive design for democratic representation.
6. Title: Public Service Motivation and Employment Sector: Attraction or Socialization?
Authors: Kjeldsen, Anne Mette; Jacobsen, Christian Bøtcher.
Abstract: Numerous studies have shown that public service motivation (PSM) is positively associated with public sector employment. However, the question of whether PSM influences or is influenced by employment decisions remains open since previous studies have mostly relied on cross-sectional samples with experienced employees. This article investigates the relationship between PSM and employment sector in pre- and postentry settings using data from a panel of Danish physiotherapy students surveyed before and after their first job in the public or private sector. The analyses show that PSM is relevant for neither attraction to the public sector nor actual sector of employment. This indicates that within a group of professionals, PSM is probably more associated with the nature of the public service work than the sector itself. Conversely, PSM is found to be severely hampered after job entry, which is interpreted as a shock effect. This effect is also moderated by sector, that is, public organizational membership prevents PSM from declining as much as in the private sector. This suggests that if PSM is associated with sector employment, then it is primarily a consequence of the sector affiliation, but in a more complex way than previously assumed.
7. Title: Organizational Collaboration in the Public Sector: Do Chief Executives Make a Difference?
Authors: Esteve, Marc; Boyne, George; Sierra, Vicenta; Ysa, Tamyko.
Abstract: Upper echelons theory suggests that the characteristics of chief executives affect the strategic choices of their organizations. In this article, we examine whether the characteristics of top managers make a difference to the extent of interorganizational collaboration in the public sector. Using survey data from 228 chief executives from Catalonia, we test upper echelons theory and control for top managers’ institutional settings such as the size and the sector of the organization, as well as the socioeconomic context. The empirical results suggest that collaboration is influenced by the characteristics of chief executives; in particular, the extent of collaboration is affected positively by their educational qualifications and concern for self-development and negatively by their age.
8. Title: The Accountability Cube: Measuring Accountability
Authors: Brandsma, Gijs Jan; Schillemans, Thomas.
Abstract: Accountability is one of the cornerstones of a democratic political system, but remarkably little is known of how it works in practice. Much of the literature focuses either on finding the most appropriate definition or on demonstrating the effect of information asymmetries using game-theoretic arguments. This article aims to go one step further by attempting to map out the intensity of accountability processes. Based on an extensive literature review, it disentangles the various meanings of the concept of accountability and on that basis proposes a three-dimensional mapping instrument: the accountability cube. It then demonstrates its application with an example of empirical accountability research among Dutch and Danish civil servants’ input in European decision making.
9. Title: Digital Government, Open Architecture, and Innovation: Why Public Sector IT Will Never Be the Same Again
Authors: Fishenden, Jerry; Thompson, Mark.
Abstract: This article argues that the future of public services will be shaped increasingly by the evolution of global, Internet-enabled, digital platforms, with two distinctive technical and commercial features. First, use of open standards and architectures that separate standard business logic from supporting applications will allow government to become technology- and vendor-agnostic, freeing it from its overdependence on proprietary systems and suppliers. Second, over time, open standards and increased market choice will drive both innovation and progressive convergence on cheaper, standard “utility” public services. These two features will combine to create a powerful dynamic situation, driving disintegration of traditional “black boxed” technologies and services, traditionally organized around “systems integrators” and departmental structures, and their reaggregation around the citizen in the form of services. Such reaggregation is allowing progressively sharp distinctions between niche/innovative and commodity/standard offerings, supplied by a plural, innovative, and more cost-effective marketplace, with unprecedented implications for the way in which the state buys and deploys technology. We draw on a range of data from across public and private sectors to illustrate our argument and identify some key policy and implementation recommendations.
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10. Title: Why So Many Institutional Reforms in Development Fail and How We Can Do Better
Authors: Straussman, Jeffrey D.
Abstract: The article reviews the book "The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development," by Matt Andrews.
11. Title: Focusing on Collaboration Techniques
Authors: Eitel, Dean F.
Abstract: The article reviews the books "Collaborating to Manage: A Primer for the Public Sector," by Robert Agranoff, "Beyond Consensus: Improving Collaborative Planning and Management," by Richard Margerum, and "Collaboration in Public Policy and Practice: Perspectives on Boundary Spanners," by Paul Williams.
12. Title: Searching for Resilience
Authors: Wukich, Clayton.
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