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Volume 42, Issue 1, February 2013
1. Title: Religious Congregations as Voluntary Associations: An Overview
Authors: Ram A. Cnaan and Daniel W. Curtis
Abstract: This article highlights religious congregations as a form of nonprofit organization and voluntary association. It contends that, when theology and faith are removed, congregations are a ubiquitous form of nonprofit organization. The article focuses on five key areas of understanding congregations: defining congregations in a manner that set them apart, the great variability that exists among congregations, why congregations are important, what congregations do that is unique, and who attends congregations. As there are many others aspects of congregational studies, the article also suggests other areas of study as well as key supporting citations.
2. Title: Religious Affiliation, Religious Attendance, and Participation in Social Change Organizations
Authors: Chao Guo, Natalie J. Webb, Rikki Abzug, and Laura R. A. Peck
Abstract: How does religion affect an individual’s likelihood of volunteering for social change causes? This study reports on findings from an analysis of the 2005 wave of the COPPS supplement to the PSID to examine the effects of religious tradition (affiliation) and religious attendance (religiosity) on social change volunteering. We find that adherents to the more liberal Christian denominations—mainline Protestant and Catholic—are more likely to volunteer with social change organizations than are Evangelicals. We also find that adherents to other minority religions such as Judaism and Buddhism and individuals with no religious belief are all more likely to volunteer with social change organizations than are Evangelicals. We find a positive and significant relationship between religious attendance and social change volunteering, but find little difference in the effect of religious attendance on social change volunteering between Evangelicals and other religious traditions (except for Catholics).
3. Title: Bringing the Beneficiary Closer: Explanations for Volunteering Time in Dutch Private Development Initiatives
Authors: Sara Kinsbergen, Jochem Tolsma, and Stijn Ruiter
Abstract: In the Netherlands, charitable behavior for international development purposes is subject to important changes. Whereas established development organizations suffer from a declining support base, private development initiatives (PDIs) that execute concrete, small-scale projects within direct personalized aid networks can count on increasing enthusiasm from individual donors of money and time. We investigate to what extent cost-benefit evaluations of volunteers (supply side) and characteristics of PDIs (demand side) affect the time allocation for volunteering in these organizations. The study is based on a survey among 661 volunteers active in Dutch PDIs. PDI volunteers face time and budget restrictions, partly due to their position on the (paid) labor market. Volunteers who are skeptical toward established development organizations increase voluntary time investment in PDIs. Corroborating the proximity hypothesis, volunteers perceiving a smaller distance to beneficiaries, spend more volunteering hours in PDIs. Volunteers also spend more hours volunteering for PDIs with larger budgets and more staff.
4. Title: Defining Social Enterprise Across Different Contexts: A Conceptual Framework Based on Institutional Factors
Authors: Janelle A. Kerlin
Abstract: This study proposes a conceptual framework for institutional processes shaping social enterprise that spans regional differences in the term. Over time, countries and regions have come to identify different definitions and concepts with the term social enterprise, leading to a debate among researchers and practitioners on how to define the concept. Rather than a narrow definition, this study draws on the theory of historical institutionalism, national-level empirical data, and country descriptions of social enterprise to construct a conceptual framework that informs models of social enterprise found internationally. These models are preliminarily checked against empirically based case studies of five countries’ current institutional patterns and how they relate to the types of social enterprises found there. Theoretically this research advances understanding of how context influences the development of social enterprise, which in turn informs social enterprise models with practical implications.
5. Title: Economic Theories of Nonprofits and Agricultural Cooperatives Compared: New Perspectives for Nonprofit Scholars
Authors: Vladislav Valentinov and Constantine Iliopoulos
Abstract: This article explores the cross-fertilization potential that exists between the economic theory of agricultural cooperatives and that of nonprofit organizations. A number of central ideas in the agricultural cooperative theory are shown to generate two novel insights pertaining to the nonprofit economics literature. First, as with agricultural cooperatives, nonprofit organizations can be conceptualized not only as firms but also as service agencies and stakeholder coalitions. Second, the demand-side economic justification of nonprofit organizations, like that of agricultural cooperatives, likely includes reasons other than market failure. The article concludes by calling for research on how nonprofit economics can inform the theory of agricultural cooperatives.
6. Title: The Influence of Generalized Trust on Volunteering in Japan
Authors: Hiromi Taniguchi
Abstract: There is limited understanding of how attitudinal variables such as generalized trust influence formal volunteering compared with demographic and socioeconomic variables. Using data from the 2005 Japanese General Social Survey (JGSS), this study examines the effects of generalized trust on regular and irregular formal volunteering in Japan. As the majority of studies on formal volunteering are based in Western countries, focusing on a non-Western society extends our knowledge of volunteering decisions. Japan is known for its normative emphasis on group affiliation and in-group cooperation, and its citizens are often said to be distrustful of strangers. In such a society, how does generalized trust affect formal volunteering? A bivariate probit analysis of the JGSS data suggests that generalized trust is significantly and positively associated with the probability of irregular formal volunteering, but not with regular formal volunteering. Implications of these findings are discussed for future research linking generalized trust to formal volunteering.
7. Title: A Study of Ad Hoc Network Performance in Disaster Response
Authors: Isabella M. Nolte and Silke Boenigk
Abstract: Management problems are prevalent within ad hoc networks of public and nonprofit organizations that engage in disaster relief. This study explores the enabling factors that have an impact on the performance of public-nonprofit networks during disaster response and outcome factors that are influenced by the network performance. A survey is conducted among 288 disaster managers and analyzed by Partial Least Squares (PLS). The analysis reveals that a general openness to collaborate, collaboration experience, mutuality, and coordination have a strong impact on the performance of public-nonprofit networks. The network performance highly influences the long-term outcomes of a disaster response. The whole network of organizations can be strengthened and single organizations can acquire new knowledge. The results of this study help to derive implications for the management of public and nonprofit organizations active in disaster management operations.
8. Title: Socialization or Self-Selection? Membership in Deliberative Associations and Political Attitudes
Authors: Ellen Quintelier
Abstract: Since de Tocqueville’s visit to the United States, it has become common knowledge that people in civic associations are more civic minded: They display higher levels of political interest, tolerance, and social and political trust. The question remains, however, whether young people are socialized through associations or self-select into associations. This article aims to untangle this relationship, using a representative panel of 16- and 18-year-old Belgian students by focusing on deliberative associations. The results show that both self-selection and socialization effects play a role with respect to political interest but not for other political attitudes and that long-lasting engagement and membership in multiple associations have the strongest socializing effect.
9. Title: Putting Charity to the Test: A Case for Field Experiments on Giving Time and Money in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Dyana P. Mason
Abstract: Most nonprofit organizations rely on gifts of time and money to support their operations. However, research by nonprofit scholars on the behavioral mechanisms of charity remains underdeveloped. One methodological tool, the randomized and controlled field experiment, has not been fully embraced by nonprofit scholars publishing in nonprofit journals. This is a missed opportunity. This essay argues that the leading theoretical models on charity can and should be tested by nonprofit scholars using field experiments in partnership with nonprofit organizations. The resultant findings may contribute to the literatures on giving, altruism and collective action. Importantly, field experiments can also provide tangible knowledge for nonprofit managers seeking to improve their operations, a common interest of both scholars and practitioners.
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10. Title: American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us
Authors: Rebecca E. Sager
Abstract: The article reviews the book American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us, by Robert D. Putman & David E. Campbell.
11. Title: Finance Fundamentals for Nonprofits: Building Capacity and Sustainability
Authors: Deborah A. Carroll
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Finance Fundamentals for Nonprofits: Building Capacity and Sustainability,” by Bowman, W.
12. Title: Joining a Nonprofit Board: What You Need to Know
Authors: Judy Freiwirth
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Joining a Nonprofit Board: What You Need to Know,” by Epstein, M. J., & McFarlan, F. W.
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